| United Nations |
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E/CN.17/1997/7 |
Economic and Social Council
Distr. GENERAL
27 January 1997
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
COMMISSION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Fifth session
7-25 April 1997
Inventory of ongoing energy-related programmes and activities of
entities within the United Nations system, on coordination of
such activities and on arrangements needed to foster the linkage
between energy and sustainable development within the system
Report of the Secretary-General
CONTENTS
Paragraphs Page
INTRODUCTION ................................................ 1 - 2 2
I. INVENTORY OF ENERGY-RELATED PROGRAMMES AND ACTIVITIES
WITHIN THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM ....................... 3 - 28 2
II. ROLE OF ENERGY IN MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT ............................................ 29 - 47 8
III. ASSESSMENT OF THE LINKAGES BETWEEN CURRENT ENERGY
ACTIVITIES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ................. 48 - 53 12
IV. ASSESSMENT OF COOPERATION AND COORDINATION WITH REGARD
TO ENERGY ACTIVITIES ................................... 54 - 59 14
V. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROPOSALS FOR FUTURE ACTION ........ 60 - 66 15
Annex. Energy-related programmes and activities within the United
Nations system ................................................... 20
INTRODUCTION
1. The Committee on New and Renewable Sources of Energy and on Energy for
Development (CNRSEED) at its second session, in February 1996, requested the
Secretary-General to prepare a report on the activities of the organizations of
the United Nations system in the field of energy for consideration by the
Committee at its third session in 1998. The Commission on Sustainable
Development at its fourth session, in 1996, requested the Secretary-General to
prepare a report, for consideration at its fifth session, in 1997, providing an
inventory of ongoing energy-oriented programmes and activities within the United
Nations system, as well as proposals for arrangements, as appropriate, that
might be needed to foster the linkage between energy and sustainable development
within the United Nations system. 1/ The Economic and Social Council, at its
substantive session of 1996, requested the Secretary-General to take into
account the report and views of the Committee on New and Renewable Sources of
Energy and on Energy for Development when preparing the report requested by the
Commission.2/
2. This report has been prepared in response to the above request. It is
based on information compiled in-house as well as that provided by the relevant
entities within the United Nations system. The report also benefited from the
inputs of the Committee on New and Renewable Sources of Energy and on Energy for
Development. The outline was discussed and adopted by the Ad Hoc Inter-Agency
Group on Energy, which met at Geneva on 12 September 1996. At a follow-up
meeting of the Ad Hoc Inter-Agency Group, proposals for future actions and
arrangements to foster linkages between entities within the United Nations
system concerned with energy and sustainable development were identified and
discussed. The present report consists of a description of activities,
assessments and conclusions.
I. INVENTORY OF ENERGY-RELATED PROGRAMMES AND ACTIVITIES
WITHIN THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM
A. Policies in regard to energy-related activities
of the United Nations system
3. The policies and programmes of the United Nations system in the energy
field contribute to the overall objectives of the organization. An explicit
energy-related policy resulted from the United Nations Conference on New and
Renewable Sources of Energy, held at Nairobi in 1981. The energy discussion at
the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held at Rio de
Janeiro in 1992, resulted in the recognition that:
"Energy is essential to economic and social development and improved
quality of life. Much of the world's energy, however, is currently
produced and consumed in ways that could not be sustained if technology
were to remain constant and if overall quantities were to increase
substantially. The need to control atmospheric emissions of greenhouse and
other gases and substances will increasingly need to be based on efficiency
in energy production, transmission, distribution and consumption, and on
growing reliance on environmentally sound energy systems, particularly new
and renewable sources of energy. All energy sources will need to be used
in ways that respect the atmosphere, human health and the environment as a
whole."3/
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), adopted and
opened for signature at Rio de Janeiro in 1992, relates in its implementation to
the energy policies of the Parties to the Convention. In the subsequent major
conferences, energy was invariably addressed as one of the key factors for
furthering sustainable development. The Global Conference on the Sustainable
Development of Small Island Developing States, held in Barbados in 1994, adopted
the Declaration of Barbados and the Programme of Action for the Sustainable
Development of Small Island Developing States, which includes a chapter on
energy resources that identifies issues, problems and constraints facing small
island developing States and recommends ways and means, including policy
options, for ensuring adequate, environmentally sound energy supplies for
meeting their social and economic development objectives in the most efficient
manner.
4. Policy discussions on energy take place in various intergovernmental
bodies. The Committee on New and Renewable Sources of Energy and on Energy for
Development, a body of government-nominated experts, established with its
current mandate in 1992, provides advice on trends in energy exploration and
development, especially in developing countries. It discusses all sources of
renewable energy and addresses such issues as energy and material intensity.
The 1992 mandate is clearly directed towards sustainable energy development.
For its deliberations, it is provided with in-depth reports by the Secretary-
General. The Committee reports to the Economic and Social Council. The
substantive secretariat support is provided by the Division for Sustainable
Development of the Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable
Development (DPCSD) of the United Nations Secretariat, in coordination with the
Division of Environment Management and Social Development of the Department for
Development Support and Management Services (DDSMS) of the United Nations
Secretariat.
5. Among the other intergovernmental bodies in which general discussions on
energy take place are the Commission on Sustainable Development, the Governing
Council of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), (in relation to
energy and environment issues), the General Conference of the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (nuclear energy and related environmental issues),
the Conference of the Parties (COP) to UNFCCC (energy in relation to its
contribution to the emission of greenhouse gases) and the Ad Hoc
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a Panel supported by UNEP and
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to assess scientific information on
climate change and its environmental and socio-economic impacts and to formulate
response strategies.
6. At the regional level, policy discussions on energy take place in all
regional commissions. They have standing committees on energy or on energy and
natural resources. In the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific (ESCAP), energy matters are discussed in the Committee on Environment
and Sustainable Development. In the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), a
sustainable energy development strategy is being elaborated.
7. The statistical information on energy in the United Nations system is
coordinated by the Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy
Analysis (DESIPA) of the United Nations Secretariat and provided through such
publications as the Energy Statistics Yearbook and Energy Balances and
Electricity Profiles, while global energy trends are reported through the World
Economic and Social Survey, which is issued annually.
8. In the aftermath of the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, several implementing organizations have adjusted the policies that
form the basis for their activities, often by submitting policy documents to
their governing bodies. In 1996 the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
produced the UNDP Initiative for Sustainable Energy, which provides the policy
framework for its energy activities. The World Bank's energy activities are
based on the objectives approved by the Bank's Board of Executive Directors.
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) has "translated" the guidance it receives
from the COPs of the conventions into an Operational Strategy, which was
approved by the GEF Council at its meeting in October 1995. GEF is provided
with scientific and technical advice by the Scientific and Technical Advisory
Panel (STAP).
9. Recurrent elements in these policy documents are: promoting the design of
sustainable energy paths consistent with sustainable development; promoting
efficient use of energy; promoting pollution-free energy options; emphasizing
projects that involve environmentally sound technologies; and helping developing
countries to meet energy development objectives as a means of achieving
sustainable rural development.
B. Overview of programmes and activities
10. A wide range of activities has been reported. They are indicated in the
annex to this report. The main activities have been classified under energy
development, energy supply and energy use. The means of implementation of the
programmes and activities vary widely but, on the whole, have involved the
preparation of studies and reports; technical assistance, including advisory
services by experts in the specific fields; the organization of training
workshops, seminars, meetings and conferences; and above all, provision of
financial assistance. The magnitude of the financial resources allocated to
each project varies widely from multimillion dollar financial assistance
projects to allocations of a few hundred dollars by other organizations. The
World Bank, UNDP, GEF and IAEA are the main providers of funds for energy
projects. The regional development banks also have substantial lending
programmes in support of energy sector development.
11. When it comes to funding, a distinction should be made between loans, as
provided by the World Bank, and technical assistance. With a total commitment
of some US$ 3 billion per annum, the World Bank commands the largest share of
activities in energy sector projects, comprising the development of fossil
fuels, electricity and renewable sources of energy. Increasingly, attention is
focusing on the efficiency of energy production and use, including demand-side
management in electricity development. The World Bank has promoted energy
sector reform and increased competition to foster greater efficiency in energy
organizations and enterprises. UNDP and the World Bank co-sponsor the Energy
Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP), which provides technical
assistance to Governments of developing and transitional economies. The
activities of UNDP, another major actor, have been in providing funding for a
wide range of energy projects through indicative project funding to its
programme countries, on an average of US$ 20 million per annum, or through
promoting the co-financing of joint projects with donor countries and
organizations. UNDP manages the Energy Account, for which it has attracted
public and private funds for pre-feasibility studies for energy projects. It
has also been involved (with the World Bank and other organizations within and
outside the United Nations system) in soliciting public and private funds for
financing FINESSE (Financing Energy Services for Small-Scale Energy Users)
projects. GEF is continuing to play a significant role in funding incremental
costs of energy projects that are related to global environmental problems.
IAEA also has significant activities in the field of energy - of the order of
US$ 70 million - which, besides covering the issues related to the development
and operation of nuclear power plants, their fuel cycles, waste technology and
nuclear safety, emphasize comparative assessment of different energy sources in
terms of their economic, environmental and health impacts in the process of
decision-making for electric sector planning.
12. The United Nations entities are active in all stages of the energy cycle:
energy development, supply and use. Activities aimed at capacity-building,
awareness-raising and technology transfer can be found throughout the three
stages, either as free-standing activities or as part of a broader project.
Awareness-raising and training are pursued through seminars, workshops,
dissemination of information through publications, and field surveys.
Technology transfer activities are mainly related to the promotion of energy
efficiency or the development and commercial use of renewable sources of energy,
including pilot and demonstration projects.
13. Energy planning, including electricity planning, is taken up as a sectoral
activity, but in some instances, a more integrated approach is taken - for
example, through the integration of energy policies into overall socio-economic
development; the integrated assessment of energy and sustainable rural
development; the integration of environmental, social and health concerns into
energy planning and analysis; energy and environmental planning in urban areas;
and an integrated resource planning approach.
1. Activities related to energy development
14. Most of the activities of a few organizations have been in providing funds
for pre-feasibility studies in projects on energy production, distribution,
storage and use; promoting the joint financing of energy projects; developing
strategies for investment in the energy sector; and planning and providing loans
for energy sector development, including electric power.
15. Many programmes at the regional level have been reported. These include
implementation of regional programmes on cooperation in the field of energy;
renewable resources development; promoting partnerships and business
opportunities in the economies in transition; identifying and considering
problems related to clean coal mining and utilization; promoting the
implementation of commercial projects; and organizing expert group meetings on
policies and strategies for the development of energy resources.
2. Activities related to energy supplies
16. Activities in policy development comprise the preparation of reports on the
development of renewable sources of energy and on incentives for their increased
use; the promotion, development and use of clean coal technology; the promotion
of approaches such as co-generation, involving the private sector; improvement
in least-cost planning techniques; and the promotion, development and use of
nuclear power.
17. Regional projects and programmes have included analysis of gas trade and
gas markets with a view to enhancing interregional trade and extension of gas
markets in Europe; reports on trade as well as on enhancing interregional trade
in energy; and regional studies on wood energy "hot spot maps".
18. Technical assistance activities have included assisting countries in
dealing with energy supply issues; providing advisory services on the design and
application of energy plans and policies in the petroleum and power sectors;
support for research and development in clean coal technology; and the
establishment of manufacturing facilities for renewable energy.
3. Activities related to energy use
19. Many activities in the energy sector relate to energy efficiency. In terms
of policy development, studies were carried out on energy efficiency and
conservation, including demand-side management, and data were collected and
published on energy production, trade and use. Technical assistance was
provided in the demonstration and dissemination of energy-efficient industrial
technologies. Institutional and capacity-building activities have included the
development and implementation of sustainable energy strategies, demand-side
management and energy efficiency standards, and the development and application
of energy intensity indicators, energy labelling systems, the efficient
management of energy institutions and enterprises through operational
performance, energy efficiency in human settlements, environmental impact
assessment and appropriate energy and electricity pricing.
C. Coordination of activities
20. From the information available, there appears to be a certain degree of
cooperation and coordination of activities. DESIPA has continued cooperation
and coordination with entities within the United Nations system in the
collection, analysis and application of energy data and information in such
areas as the Statistical Commission Working Group on International Statistical
Programmes and Coordination and the Administrative Committee on Coordination
(ACC) Subcommittee on Statistical Activities and in addressing energy issues in
the context of the World Economic and Social Survey.
21. DDSMS is cooperating with the World Bank, UNDP and GEF in the
implementation of projects at the national, regional and global levels. It is
also cooperating with UNDP and ESCAP in the implementation of sustainable energy
projects such as the Enhancement of Capacity for Sustainable Energy Services for
Rural Development in Asia.
22. The International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of
Women (INSTRAW) conducts research studies, prepares training materials and
organizes training activities in close collaboration and coordination with the
regional commissions, the International Labour Organization (ILO) Turin Training
Centre, DDSMS and other entities within and outside the United Nations system.
23. DPCSD is cooperating with other entities of the United Nations system in
the preparation of reports for the Committee on New and Renewable Sources of
Energy and on Energy for Development, the Commission on Sustainable Development
and other intergovernmental bodies.
24. UNDP and the World Bank have, over the years, been cooperating in ESMAP,
with the latter implementing the projects. UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank are
the implementing agencies for the GEF, which has been providing incremental
costs for projects that have global environmental benefits. The World Bank,
UNDP and a number of other entities within and outside the United Nations system
are jointly funding the FINESSE programme, in which UNDP is very actively
involved.
25. At the regional level, ECE has been cooperating with many other entities
within and outside the United Nations system in the implementation of Energy
Efficiency 2000 projects. ESCAP is executing the UNDP-funded Programme on Asian
Cooperation on Energy and the Environment (PACE-E). UNDP is also cooperating
with the World Bank Asia Alternative Energy Unit in a project to mainstream
renewable energy and energy efficiency activities into the lending operations of
the World Bank in the Asia and the Pacific region.
26. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) initiated the high-level World Solar Summit Process (WSSP), with the
objective of promoting the development and deployment of renewable energy
technologies as a contribution to sustainable development. The World Solar
Summit Process was conducted with the active support of several partners, among
them ECE, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Under the leadership and guidance of
the World Solar Commission, composed of 16 heads of State or Government, WSSP
culminated successfully in the World Solar Summit, held at Harare, Zimbabwe in
September 1996. The Summit adopted the Harare Declaration on Solar Energy and
Sustainable Development and the outline of the World Solar Programme, 1996-2005,
which is currently being completed. An inter-agency meeting for consultations
took place in Paris in December 1996 as part of the follow-up to the World Solar
Summit to discuss the contribution of the United Nations system to the
development and implementation of the World Solar Programme.
27. IAEA is coordinating the joint inter-agency project entitled "Databases and
Methodologies for Comparative Assessment of Different Energy Sources for
Electricity Generation" (DECADES) in cooperation with a number of regional
commissions, the World Bank, UNIDO, WMO and other international organizations.
The inter-agency DECADES project being pursued by IAEA is emphasizing
comprehensive comparative assessment of the economic, environmental and health
impacts of the full energy chains of different electricity generation options in
support of sustainable energy development.
28. WMO is cooperating with UNEP in the work of the Ad Hoc Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Meanwhile, the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO) has been cooperating with the Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), ESCAP, the World Bank and other
international organizations, regional organizations and development banks in
many rural development projects. UNIDO is supporting the work of the UNFCCC
secretariat through participation in the teams undertaking in-depth reviews of
the Annex I National Communications to the COP.
II. ROLE OF ENERGY IN MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
29. Energy plays a key role in achieving the interrelated economic, social and
environmental objectives that lead to sustainable development. In addition,
from a national security point of view, a secure and stable energy supply is an
important consideration. Peace and international stability are preconditions
for sustainable development. The current approach to energy policy worldwide,
which is characterized by a strong emphasis on energy supply, without regard to
its social, economic and environmental consequences, does not meet the
requirements of sustainable development.
30. An energy path that contributes to sustainable development requires a
transition from a supply-driven approach to one that pursues energy efficiency,
particularly with regard to energy end-use and meeting demand through
environmentally sound energy services. This implies that all actors -
Governments, the international community, the private sector and
non-governmental organizations - should pursue: (a) efficiency in energy
production, transmission, distribution and, in particular, energy end-use; (b)
a
shift towards energy sources and technologies with reduced environmental impact,
including emissions of greenhouse gases; and (c) promoting, developing and
implementing policies and programmes, as appropriate, designed to ensure their
adoption.
31. The current pace of growth in world energy demand, even with a strong
emphasis on efficiency, is expected to lead to a substantial increase in
aggregate commercial energy demand - under 2 per cent per year between 1995 and
2020.4 The potential consequences of this scenario are profound, if the growth
in energy demand is not met in a sustainable manner. Considering the long lead
times involved in the implementation of energy efficiency measures and in the
effective penetration of renewable energy sources in the global energy supply
mix, the current trends in power-market restructuring and liberalization
worldwide, and the long lifetime of capital equipment, a reappraisal of energy
systems with an emphasis on modern technologies is an urgent priority.
32. The level of economic and social development strongly influences the amount
and type of energy needed, and at the same time the developments in the energy
sector affect economic growth. In developing countries sharp increases in
energy services are required to improve the standard of living for their growing
populations. The increase in the level of energy services that accompanies
growth in per capita GDP will have a beneficial impact on poverty alleviation by
increasing employment opportunities and improving transportation, health and
education.
33. Many developing countries, in particular the least developed among them,
face the urgent need to provide adequate, modern energy services, especially
electricity, to billions of people in rural areas. This requires significant
financial, human and technical resources. International cooperation should be
strengthened to assist the developing countries in meeting their goals and
objectives while at the same time ensuring that energy development and use are
undertaken in an environmentally sound and sustainable manner. According to a
recent UNDP publication, 5/ there are, today, good opportunities in remote rural
areas of developing countries for using renewable sources of energy at
competitive costs to meet the small-scale mechanical or electric power needs of
the individual household, farm or village. Advanced renewable energy
technologies, in particular modern biomass technologies, which could become
widely available in one or two decades, offer the potential for providing energy
in rural areas at very competitive costs. Industry would thereby be attracted
to rural areas and rural jobs created both in the labour-intensive bio-energy
industries and in the industries that low-cost bio-energy would attract to rural
areas.
34. Income growth as well as population growth make it imperative to enhance
energy efficiency greatly. Research done in the academic and NGO communities
has demonstrated that increases in efficiency ranging from 50 to 95 per cent can
be achieved with currently available technology and knowledge. Efficiency
improvements reduce energy costs (including the costs related to the import of
energy sources), extend energy resources and reduce environmental impacts. The
benefits accrue to developed as well as developing countries. Although the
current use of energy in developing countries is one tenth that of the countries
that are members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD), it is expected to grow at a much faster rate to meet the requirements
for industries, buildings, transport systems and households in the developing
countries.
35. Increased energy use in industrialization is a concomitant phase of the
development process, entailing urbanization, electrification and the building of
other basic infrastructure - all of which serve to raise energy intensity in all
sectors of the economy. A significant contribution towards reducing energy
intensity in developing countries will come through accelerated investment in
energy-efficient technologies that reduce both energy consumption and the use of
raw materials with high embodied energy. A high rate of investment speeds up
technological change, since adding new capital to existing stock or replacing
the old stock increases the proportion of output produced with energy-efficient
technologies. A conscious policy of promoting the adoption and diffusion of
energy-efficient technologies and practices is essential towards this end.
36. Current energy prices favour the use of conventional energy sources over
renewable energy sources. At the same time, current practices in fuel pricing
do not encourage energy efficiency. In most cases there is little or no regard
for the external social and environmental costs of the supply. Subsidies in the
energy sector for conventional energy sources and nuclear power tend to hamper
widespread development and application of renewable energy sources. 6/ Policy
changes that will lead to the full internalization of environmental costs in
prices through the use of economic and fiscal instruments and the removal of
permanent subsidies are required if a sustainable energy path is to be pursued.
37. Women have an essential role to play in achieving sustainable energy
programmes, with an emphasis on demand-side management and increased use of
renewable energy sources. To enable women to participate more easily in energy
programmes and projects, it is crucial that women's needs and involvement in
both urban and rural areas be given due consideration in the planning of energy
services. In urban areas, women's energy needs for domestic as well as
economically productive activities need to be given due consideration.7/
38. The generation, transmission, distribution and use of energy contribute to
local, regional and global environmental problems. Extraction and production of
energy resources contribute to natural resource depletion and deforestation.
Transportation of energy can lead to oil spills, marine pollution and other
accidental releases. Transformation activities such as refining can emit
hazardous pollutants. Consumption contributes to air and water pollution,
aggravation of the greenhouse effect and harmful by-products, including solid
and nuclear wastes.
39. Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) will continue to dominate the
energy supply situation for many years to come in both developed and developing
countries. What is required then is to reduce the environmental impacts of
their continued development and use through better design and management and
through the introduction of both voluntary and mandatory instruments for the
reduction of local health hazards and environmental pollution as well as
emissions of greenhouse gases. For coal utilization, there is a need for
further research, development and application of improved technologies for the
removal of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen and also for gasification. This will
require considerable resources - human, material and, more important,
financial - as well as scientific knowledge and know-how.
40. The development and use of natural gas is increasingly being advocated,
because it emits lower levels of greenhouse gases and has a less adverse
environmental impact. In developing countries, the main problem is an
inadequate supply of natural gas. Where the supplies exist, the distribution
networks are especially weak and in many cases non-existent. IPCC has stated
that CH4 emissions from natural gas venting, as well as leakage from pipeline
and distribution systems, are significant.8/ Flaring and venting of natural gas
has been estimated to be about 5 per cent of world natural gas production.9/
41. The share of traditional biomass and hydropower, the renewable energy
sources currently used in sufficient quantities to contribute significantly to
world primary energy demand, will continue to increase in the energy supply mix,
although growth in hydropower development will be constrained by environmental
concerns. Biomass is consumed at an annual rate of 47 EJ10/ to 55 EJ,11/ mainly
for cooking and heating in developing countries, and also in small-scale
industry and with some use at larger scales. In the Renewables-Intensive Global
Energy Scenario (RIGES),12/ it is projected that the commercial biomass
contribution will be 145 EJ by 2025 and 206 EJ by 2050; in this scenario, the
use of modernized biomass is expected to grow rapidly (10 per cent per year
between 1990 and 2025) because of the multiple benefits it offers. Contribution
by such renewable energy sources as solar thermal and photovoltaic, wind and
geothermal is also projected to increase and provide a significant share to
world commercial energy consumption.
42. During recent decades, there has been a decrease in the acceptance of
nuclear power, especially the building of new power plants. A review of opinion
surveys concludes that public concerns about nuclear energy focus on the
following issues: doubt about economic necessity, fear of large-scale
catastrophes and fears regarding the storage of nuclear waste and the misuse of
fissile material. Nuclear power expansion has stopped in most countries. The
continuing concern with regard to safety and proliferation issues will constrain
nuclear power development.13/
43. However, increased use of nuclear energy is receiving added attention in
the light of the growing concern about greenhouse gas emissions associated with
the use of fossil fuels. According to IPCC, nuclear energy could replace
baseload fossil fuel electricity generation in many parts of the world if
generally acceptable responses can be found to concerns regarding reactor
safety, radioactive-waste transport and disposal, and nuclear proliferation.14/
44. The development and use of energy is highly capital-intensive. Estimates
have been made of capital requirements for the development and use of energy
resources in developing countries. Such estimates are by no means exhaustive,
but the indicative figures clearly express the enormity of the requirements.
The World Bank, in a study of electric power expansion programmes in 70
developing and transition economies, estimated the average annual growth rate of
electricity demand in developing countries to be about 6.6 per cent between 1989
and 1999. This would require raising total generating capacity to 855 gigawatts
in 1999 at a cumulative cost of $745 billion (in 1989 United States dollars or
almost $1 trillion in current dollars), a large part of which will be in foreign
exchange.15/
45. The World Energy Council (WEC) estimates that in the period 1990-2020,
investments in the electric power sector in developing countries will range
between $2.4 trillion and $4.4 trillion in 1990 United States dollars,
accounting for 64-79 per cent of all energy investments in developing countries
in the same period. This translates to a range of $80-$150 billion per year in
the electricity sector alone. Even in the ecologically driven estimate - the
one in which all the suggested environmental, global warming and health factors
are taken into account - the annual requirements would still be very high.
There are also many other competing requirements for financial resources.16/
46. In the World Economic and Social Survey, 1996, a scenario was developed for
the purpose of estimating the probable magnitude of future electric power needs
in developing countries, in which - even at a conservative growth rate of
6 per cent a year - developing countries will require an additional 1,170
gigawatts of installed electricity-generating capacity during the period
1994-2010. Estimating an average overall system cost of about $1.6 billion per
gigawatt, total investment would be about $1.87 trillion, for an average of
about $117 billion a year (nearly 2.5 per cent of GDP). In addition,
substantial investment will be needed to replace ageing generating plants, as
well as investment to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impacts of
fossil fuel use.17/
47. Meeting the investment requirements of the energy sector in developing
countries will require tailoring a financing strategy to different country
circumstances and policy priorities. Common to nearly all countries, however,
is the considerable scope for cost-recovery from end-users by increasing prices
to cover long-term marginal cost. The needs of the poor can be protected by
charging low "lifeline rates" to households and somewhat higher rates to other
users. This could release subsidies, estimated to be at least $100 billion per
year (nearly equal to the annual cost of investment), and at the same time
reduce growth in demand, which tends to cause capacity requirements to be
overestimated.18/ Similarly, improving maintenance, rehabilitation and upgrading
of existing power plants can greatly reduce the marginal cost of expanding
service. The World Bank has estimated that electric power delivered to
end-users equals only about 40 per cent of installed capacity in developing
countries, compared to over 80 per cent of installed capacity in developed
countries.19/ Establishing the principle of full (or nearly full) cost-recovery
would permit much greater recourse to foreign financing as bond financing for
either public or private national enterprises operating on fully commercial
principles within an adequate regulatory environment. In these circumstances,
foreign direct investment can be tapped. Since such opportunities are likely to
be less available to the least developed countries, they will continue to need
to rely on official development assistance (ODA) for at least a part of their
energy sector financing needs. Rural electrification, because of the much
higher unit costs of supply, will also need to rely on public subsidies, which
may also be assisted by ODA. GEF can be utilized to meet the incremental costs
of energy projects designed to reduce impacts on global warming.
III. ASSESSMENT OF THE LINKAGES BETWEEN CURRENT ENERGY
ACTIVITIES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
48. The activities of many organizations have, over the years, underscored the
relation between energy and development and, more recently, energy and
sustainable development. The policies and mandates, both before and especially
since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, have
espoused this trend. The United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources
of Energy (Nairobi, 1981) has had a significant impact on the programmes and
activities of many organizations; many introduced or expanded their programmes
and projects in the field of new and renewable sources of energy, as part of the
implementation of the Nairobi Programme of Action for the Development and
Utilization of New and Renewable Sources of Energy, at a time when the price of
oil had risen to an all-time high. However, interest in new and renewable
sources of energy subsequently waned substantially, especially beginning in the
mid-1980s, as a result of the decline in the price of oil.
49. Since the late 1980s, interest in new and renewable sources of energy has
begun to surge again, given the emerging concern about the environmental impacts
of the growing use of fossil fuels, including their contribution to the emission
of greenhouse gases, and general awareness of the need for sustainable energy
systems. This trend is best reflected in General Assembly resolution 46/235, in
which, in establishing the Committee on New and Renewable Sources of Energy and
on Energy for Development, the Assembly indicated that in addition to
implementing the Nairobi Programme of Action, the Committee would consider
energy in relation to the environment. Many entities have been pursuing this
mandate. With the adoption of General Assembly resolution 47/190 on the report
of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, in which the
Assembly endorsed Agenda 21, and the adoption and entry into force of UNFCCC,
the stage was set for linking energy and sustainable development. United
Nations organizations have adjusted their programmes and projects in varying
degrees to reflect the objectives of Agenda 21.
50. It is clear that a sustainable energy path, challenging as it may be,
demands a concerted effort by all actors concerned, including the United Nations
system. From chapter I and the annex to this report, it is clear that the
United Nations is involved in a broad range of activities in response to the
demands and priorities of the countries that they support. In general terms,
these activities do not seem to be contradictory to a sustainable energy path.
The increasing attention to energy efficiency and the related demand-side
management and pricing policies are proof of positive developments. In
addition, several organizations contribute to the promotion and dissemination of
clean energy technologies, including clean coal technologies.
51. Support for the further introduction and application of renewable energy
sources is increasing, with a special emphasis on improving access to energy
services by the rural population. In the area of capacity-building and
institutional development, energy planning activities are increasingly linked to
the broader context of socio-economic or environmental planning and plan
implementation.
52. Of special importance, given the level of the activities, are the following
developments. The operation of GEF has placed strong emphasis on
environmentally sound technologies - in particular, those related to reduced
emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This tends to favour the
development of renewable sources of energy. The World Bank, through its loans
and technical assistance programmes, has become the single largest source of
funding for environmental programmes and projects. It is now integrating social
and environmental dimensions into all its operations, including energy.
Consequently, all energy projects are screened for social and environmental
impacts. The organization is playing a key role in addressing such issues as
pollution from the development and use of energy and the development and use of
renewable sources of energy. As part of an effort to bring development
cooperation activities into line with sustainable human development, UNDP places
special emphasis on sustainable energy through consistent pursuit of more
efficient energy patterns and support for major shifts towards renewable sources
of energy. It links its energy projects to the overall objectives of the
programmes related to poverty alleviation, gender equality and environmental
sustainability. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO) continues to stress the need to mobilize energy inputs to fulfil the needs
of the food production chain in a sustainable manner. The UNESCO-initiated
World Solar Summit has drawn considerable political attention to the potential
of renewables, and its regional preparatory process has developed a programme
portfolio of several hundred projects.
53. The activities of the United Nations and its organizations, although modest
in financial terms compared to the overall investment in the energy sector,
have an important role as catalysts and models for new developments that meet
the criterion of sustainability. It is evident that the United Nations system
has a large interdisciplinary potential in the energy field that can be
effectively used to support sustainable energy development in developing
countries and economies in transition. So far, as already indicated by the
Committee on New and Renewable Sources of Energy and on Energy for Development
20/ and confirmed by the present report, no common strategy has been developed
that would serve as a reference framework for the system as a whole and provide
synergy to the activities. Given the enormous challenges of a sustainable
energy scenario, the development and adoption of such a common strategy could
increase the coherence and effectiveness of United Nations activities in pursuit
of energy systems that support sustainable development.
IV. ASSESSMENT OF COOPERATION AND COORDINATION
WITH REGARD TO ENERGY ACTIVITIES
54. On the basis of the information available, it may appear that the level of
cooperation and coordination with regard to energy activities is encouraging.
In fact, however, such cooperation and coordination seem to be rather ad hoc.
In terms of general policy development, a common strategy is missing. Although
energy issues could be addressed in the Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable
Development, there is no systematic inter-agency dialogue. Inter-agency
involvement in the preparation of reports for the Committee on New and Renewable
Sources of Energy and on Energy for Development and participation in the
meetings is scattered.
55. Activities in energy statistics are adequately coordinated by DESIPA and,
at the intergovernmental level, by the United Nations Statistical Commission.
56. The establishment of GEF has led to enhanced and structured cooperation
among the World Bank, UNDP and UNEP and has involved other United Nations
entities in the implementation of specific projects.
57. UNDP and the World Bank, as the two major funding organizations, have been
cooperating over the years in the field of renewable energy programmes, mainly
through ESMAP. UNESCO, together with a number of partners within and outside
the United Nations system, has secured strong and high-level political support
for the wider use of renewable energies, both through the preparatory process
for the World Solar Summit and as a result of the Summit itself. This kind of
cooperation may form the basis for a broader, system-wide programme on renewable
sources of energy. The World Solar Programme that emerged from the
UNESCO-initiated World Solar Summit, which has received high-level political
support, could constitute an important element of such a system-wide programme,
in which other entities outside the United Nations may also wish to take part.
ESCAP, IAEA, the World Bank, UNIDO and WMO are cooperating in the IAEA-
coordinated inter-agency DECADES project, aimed at enhancing capabilities for
comparative assessment of different energy sources in the process of planning
and decision-making for the electricity sector in support of sustainable
development.
58. At the regional level, the regional commissions are well placed to
coordinate policy development and system-wide involvement in implementation.
This seems to be well under way in ECE and ESCAP. There is, however, scope for
cooperation between the regional commissions and regional development banks.
59. At the country level, coordination is pursued in various manners in
response to the local situation. It may benefit from a common strategy and
enhanced sharing of experiences.
V. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROPOSALS FOR FUTURE ACTION
60. It is essential that energy systems worldwide contribute to sustainable
development. This requires major changes in the current energy systems. As
indicated in section II of this report, that can only be achieved if all actors
involved - Governments, international capital markets, energy investors,
industry, international organizations, scientific and research institutes, and
non-governmental organizations - contribute to a common goal.
A. Towards a common strategy
61. The United Nations, although a modest partner in terms of its financial
contribution to energy investment, has an important role to play in developing
an energy strategy that will provide a reference framework for the energy-
related activities of the United Nations system, including the Bretton Woods
institutions. Such a strategy would promote a balanced and mutually reinforcing
approach to economic, social and environmental aspects of sustainable energy
development. It would foster partnership for sustainable energy development
with relevant actors outside the United Nations system, particularly with
non-United Nations intergovernmental organizations dealing with energy and the
private sector.
62. The strategy would take into account the energy-related outcomes of all
major conferences, from the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable
Sources of Energy in 1981 to the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements
(Habitat II) in 1996, the ongoing discussions in the context of UNFCCC and other
relevant international meetings, such as the World Solar Summit (Harare, 1995),
the International Symposium on Electricity, Health and the Environment:
Comparative Assessment in Support of Decision-making (Vienna, 1995), the Senior
Expert Symposium on Electricity and the Environment (Helsinki, 1991) and the
Committee on New and Renewable Sources of Energy and on Energy for Development,
as well as recent policy documents and strategies developed by various United
Nations organizations. The strategy would provide for a more coherent
system-wide response to their implementation.
63. The strategy would build on the experience gained so far in inter-agency
cooperation and coordination in the field of energy and would suggest ways and
means of enhancing its effectiveness in the future.
64. Specific proposals on such a common approach, including its possible scope
and format, may be elaborated over a given time-frame through inter-agency
consultations (which may involve, as appropriate, relevant non-United Nations
actors) and subsequently submitted for consideration and approval by the
Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly, through the Committee on
New and Renewable Sources of Energy and on Energy for Development and the
Commission on Sustainable Development. The specific modalities for the
elaboration of proposals on such a common approach should take into account the
availability of financial and staff resources.
B. The role of the Committee on New and Renewable Sources
of Energy and on Energy for Development
65. Currently the Committee on New and Renewable Sources of Energy and on
Energy for Development is the only body in the United Nations that addresses all
aspects of the energy discussion. The Committee should continue to play a
useful role in furthering United Nations policy discussion in the field of
energy after 1997. However, the modalities of the Committee's functioning could
be adjusted in order to enhance its effectiveness. This could include:
(a) Better representation of Governments; currently not all regions have
designated their representatives;
(b) Better dissemination of reports;
(c) Better participation of the organizations of the United Nations
system, including the regional commissions, in the work of the Committee,
including the preparation of reports;
(d) Establishment of links between the Committee and non-United Nations
organizations dealing with energy, such as the International Energy Agency (IEA)
and the World Energy Council (WEC);
(e) Changing the Committee's pattern of reporting, so that it will report
to the Economic and Social Council through the Commission on Sustainable
Development (which is already the case for some Committee reports) with a view
to ensuring greater integration of the results of the Committee's work in the
sustainable development discussion; there is also a need to ensure that the
Committee's work programme takes into account relevant requirements of the
Commission on Sustainable Development.
C. Improving inter-agency cooperation
66. It is essential to promote more effective arrangements for inter-agency
coordination and cooperation in the field of energy at the global, regional and
field levels. This could include:
(a) Making energy a recurrent item on the agenda of the Inter-Agency
Committee on Sustainable Development (IACSD) and ensuring linkages with the
energy-related aspects of the work of other ACC bodies, including the task
forces established to follow up on recent global conferences;
(b) Convening ad hoc meetings of relevant organizations, preferably
back-to-back with or in connection with other meetings (such as those of IACSD
or the Committee on New and Renewable Sources of Energy and on Energy for
Development) in order to:
(i) Elaborate a common approach as suggested in paragraphs 61-64 above;
(ii) Discuss arrangements related to the provision of system-wide support
to policy-making processes, including in the Committee on New and
Renewable Sources of Energy and on Energy for Development and the
Commission on Sustainable Development;
(iii) Promote greater policy coherence between intergovernmental and
governing bodies throughout the United Nations system;
(iv) Exchange information and discuss lessons learned from various projects
and activities;
(v) Promote data comparability;
(c) Discussing specific arrangements aimed at enhancing the United Nations
system's capacity for information exchange in the field of energy. This may
include the establishment of an electronic database on energy-related
activities, programmes and experiences, which, eventually, may be linked with
other relevant databases that exist in the United Nations system.
Notes
1/ Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1996, Supplement No. 8
(E/1996/28), chap. I, sect. B, decision 4/15, para. 19.
2/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-first Session, Supplement
No. 3 (A/51/3 (Part II)), chap. V, sect. B.1, resolution 1996/44, para. 1.
3/ Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development,
vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales
No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex II, chap. 9, para. 9.9.
4/ Report of the Secretary-General on the main trends in sustainable development
(E/CN.17/1997/3).
5/ J. Goldemberg and T. B. Johansson, eds., Energy as an Instrument for Socio-
economic Development (New York, UNDP, 1995).
6/ It has been estimated that in non-OECD countries alone subsidies for
conventional energy sources and nuclear power amount to $270-330 billion
per year. See A. de Moor, "Subsidies and sustainable development; proceedings
of the Third Expert Group Meeting on Financial Issues of Agenda 21" (New York,
United Nations, 1996).
7/ INSTRAW, in cooperation with the ILO/Turin Centre, prepared a multimedia
training package entitled "Women and new and renewable sources of energy". The
training package is aimed at different target groups: development planners,
senior officials, engineers, managers of energy programmes, representatives of
NGOs and community workers at national, regional and international levels.
8/ Climate Change 1995; Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change;
Scientific-Technical Analyses (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996),
sect. 19.2.2.1.
9/ The estimated total world natural gas production in 1995 was about
2,120 billion cubic metres, excluding gas flared or recycled (BP Statistical
Review of World Energy, June 1996).
10/ New Renewable Energy Resources - A Guide to the Future (London, World Energy
Council, 1994).
11/ D. O. Hall and others, "Biomass for energy: supply prospects", in Renewable
Energy: Sources for Fuel and Electricity, T. B. Johansson and others, eds.
(Washington, D.C., Island Press, 1993).
12/ T. B. Johansson and others, eds., op. cit.
13/ Climate Change 1995 ... (sect. 19.2.4).
14/ "Policies and measures for mitigating climate change", (technical paper
prepared by IPCC, December 1996).
15/ E. Moore and G. Smith, "Capital expenditures for electric power in the
developing countries in the 1990s", Industry and Energy Working Paper No. 21
(Washington, D.C., World Bank).
16/ R. K. Pachauri and others, "Financing energy development: the challenges and
requirements of developing countries", Round Table Session 4, "Financing Energy
Development - Winners and Losers?", Proceedings of the Sixteenth Congress of the
World Energy Council (Tokyo, 8-13 October 1995).
17/ World Economic and Social Survey, 1996 (United Nations publication, Sales
No. E.96.II.C.1).
18/ Ibid.
19/ World Development Report, 1994 (New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1994).
20/ See Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1996, Supplement
No. 4 (E/1996/24).
Annex
ENERGY-RELATED PROGRAMMES AND ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM
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UN organization: DPCSD
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
Decisions of CNRSEED, CSD, ECOSOC and General Assembly on energy,
environment and sustainable development; Furthering the development and use of
new and renewable sources of energy; Promoting efficiency of energy use as
well as energy exploration and development in developing countries.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy development
Monitoring and analyzing global energy trends and prospects and their
impact on the environment; Monitoring and analyzing developments in new energy
technologies for both conventional and new and renewable sources of energy;
Preparing studies on these topics for consideration by intergovernmental
bodies; Dissemination of relevant information.
Funding and Operation: Regular budget as specified under DPCSD
Organizing seminars and workshops on energy exploration, renewable
sources of energy and interface with environment.
Undertaking studies aimed at increased understanding of the environmental
and socio-economic impact of various policy options and strategies.
Funding and Operation: Contributions from extra-budgetary resources
B. Energy supply
Exploring and monitoring the mobilization of new sources of financing for
sustainable energy projects and programmes.
C. Energy use
Undertaking studies of energy efficiency and conservation, including
demand-side management, and submitting results/findings to intergovernmental
bodies.
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UN Organization: DESIPA
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
Promoting and carrying out work in linking energy statistics with
environmental statistics including development of environmental indicators
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy development
Continuing cooperation and coordination within the UN system -
Statistical Commission Working Group on International Statistical Programmes,
the ACC Sub-Committee on Statistical Activities - and other international
organizations including IEA/OECD and Eurostat in refining existing
methodologies in the collection and dissemination of energy statistics;
Organizing meetings and consultations for such proposes.
Funding and Operation: Regular budget as specified under DESIPA
B. Energy supply
Organizing training, seminars and workshops and study tours in energy
statistics with a view to enhancing the capacity of national institutions in
developing countries to collect and process energy statistics.
C. Energy use
Developing and applying energy intensity/efficiency indicators.
Publishing production and consumption data of different forms of energy
including electricity in statistical compendia such as Energy Statistics
Yearbook, Energy Balances and Electricity Profiles; Preparing studies in
concepts and methods; and analyzing global energy trends such as global oil
markets for publication in the World Economic and Social Survey.
Funding and Operation: Contributions from extra-budgetary resources
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UN Organization: DDSMS
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
Promoting the development and application of new and renewable sources of
energy, such as solar, wind, biomass and geothermal energy; Establishing or
strengthening the capacity of national institutions in energy planning policy
making and in establishing national information systems and energy data
information processing capacity; Providing technical support and consultancy
services to develop national capacity for energy project evaluation and
analysis of energy technologies.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy development
Preparing studies on new technological developments, techniques and
strategies for identifying, evaluating and developing conventional and
renewable sources of energy;
Demonstrating through pilot projects and advisory services the feasibility
of utilizing new and renewable sources of energy in rural areas;
Surveying resource potential and developing geothermal energy;
Facilitating the transfer of modern technology for increased energy
efficiency to developing countries.
Organizing interregional seminars, workshops and symposia on energy
development, planning and environment;
Providing training of technical manpower in different aspects of energy
development, including exploration, technological evaluation, energy policies
and management, etc., and disseminating specific project and technical
reports.
B. Energy supply
Exploring potential multilateral and bilateral sources for funding
technical assistance projects and providing advisory services on project
funding.
Cooperating with UNDP, World Bank and other regional and
international institutions in implementing projects in energy supply funded by
them.
C. Energy use
Providing technical assistance and organizing workshops and study tours
on rationalizing energy end-use, promoting demand-side management and other
efficiency measures
Providing technical assistance to foster the efficient management of
energy institutions and enterprises through enhanced operational performance.
Funding and Operation:
In addition to regular budgetary resources, programme activities are mostly
funded by extra-budgetary resources
Among countries receiving DDSMS support are Belize (petroleum, $633,000),
China (coalbed methane, $9.3 million; geothermal, $2.7 million; energy
efficiency, $60,000), Korea, DPR(energy efficiency, $1.6 million), Egypt (wind
power, $260,000), Ghana (LPG substitution for fuelwood, $57,000), India (oil
recovery, $1.5 million), Namibia (energy database, $75,000), Oman (coalfield,
$1 million), Paraguay (small-scale hydropower, $50,000), Russia (gas
marketing, $170,000), Sudan (rural solar, $1.2 million), Uganda (geothermal,
$0.5 million).
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UN Organization: ESCWA
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
Providing support to developing countries in the region in energy
development and supply; Strengthening energy institutions in least developed
member countries; Promoting new and renewable sources of energy; and Promoting
regional cooperation in energy development and supply.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy development
Preparing studies on energy situation and trends, as well as trends in
the oil industry in the region; Preparing overviews of the international oil
markets conditions and their implications for ESCWA, and exploring their
potential impact on the energy situation in individual countries.
Providing technical assistance in energy exploration and development,
like recent projects on oil and natural gas development in Jordan and Yemen
(in Jordan focusing on review of exploration and drilling activities and
investigation of oil potential).
B. Energy supply
Providing technical assistance in small-scale new and renewable energy
technologies (solar and wind) in the region, including country pilot projects
such as biogas pilot project in Yemen, and preparing related studies;
Organizing seminars and training workshops to review latest developments
and conducting training programmes on construction and operation of biogas
plants.
Providing technical assistance to community development projects (Syria),
such as integrated biogas family-size systems with water treatment, solar
drying and fish farming;
Preparing working papers on development of renewable energy resources in
the region with special emphasis on financial requirements and utilization of
appropriate technologies, and undertaking assessment and prospects analyses
for implementing pilot projects.
Preparing studies on the technical and economic aspects of the
establishment of a regional electricity network and prospects for
interregional cooperation in this field; Organizing expert group meetings on
the establishment of a regional electricity network and prospects of its
connection with electricity grids in neighboring countries.
C. Energy use
Promoting the regional approach for efficient use of energy; Formulating
and implementing concrete proposals and programmes for demonstration projects
at the regional level of energy conservation and of more efficient use of
energy in specific sectors.
Working on the proposals to set up a regional mechanism for coordinating
energy policies and for identifying priority areas at the national level, and
reporting to the Commission on progress in this area;
Preparing studies and organizing expert group meetings
on institutional requirements and modus-operandi of a proposed gas network and
on the establishment of a regional gas network.
Preparing studies on the impact of privatization on power
generation in the region, as well as the functioning of independent production
in selected ESCWA member states. Undertaking assessment of energy pricing
systems in the region.
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UN Organization: ESCAP
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
A thematic programming approach has been adopted by ESCAP and energy
issues are to be discussed in the new Committee on Environment and Sustainable
Development. Energy planning was considered a priority in the context of
sustainable development, with environmental concerns integrated into energy
policy and planning ; also stressed was the need for the formulation and
adoption of effective energy efficiency polices, including the promotion of
clean coal technologies. With the increasing severity of air pollution in
large cities, ESCAP stressed the need for promoting pollution-free energy
options as well as energy efficient technologies.
Funding and Operation:
For activities between 1993-96: Regular budget, $30,097
UNDP funded PAC-E, $2.53 mn
French contribution to EEP: $257,739
Australian contribution to CDU: $2.05 million
Japanese contribution on energy conservation/efficiency: $478,762
Total Extra-budgetary: $5.86 mn
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
Preparing issue papers and reports of meetings for consideration by
intergovernmental bodies and publishing energy resources development series
and electric power data series and bulletins.
Organizing ad hoc expert meetings, workshops and seminars on energy,
environment and sustainable development.
Implementing the Programme for Asian Cooperation on Energy and the
Environment (PACE-E), with element "Energy and Environment Planning"
implemented by the Asian Institute of Technology, focusing on training in
sample design and data processing, application of sectoral energy use
assessment and demand scenario to evaluate the potential for energy
conservation and fuel switching, and the application of methodologies and
procedures for integrating environmental concerns into energy planning and
policy analysis.
B. Energy supply
Within the PACE-E programme, executing the following elements:
1. Training in coal development: coal production, utilization, coal technology
and environment;
Funding and Operation: Implemented by the Joint Coal Board of Australia
2. Natural gas and petroleum development: focusing on the strategic potential
and implication of utilization of natural gas and the promotion of natural gas
utilization in the energy market;
Funding and Operation: Implemented by CH4 Group of New Zealand
3. Electric power system management: focusing on private sector participation
in power generation and its consequences on environmental quality; demand side
management in integrated resources planning of the power sector and
environment impact assessment; and the role of popular participation in
electric power development;
4. Rural energy: integrated rural energy-environment planning for sustainable
development and assessment of methodologies in countries of the region
5. New and renewable sources of energy: holding the renewable energy symposium
and regional workshops and seminars on wind and geothermal energy development.
Funding and Operation: In cooperation with Australia and China
In addition to the PACE-E programme, ESCAP implemented the man-power
training component of the project Rehabilitation of the Phnom Penh Power
System.
Funding and Operation: Project funded by UNDP and executed by the World Bank
C. Energy Use
Promoting energy conservation and energy efficiency; more specifically,
within PACE-E, organizing regional workshops and meetings on (i) national
strategies and regional cooperation in energy efficiency promotion; (ii) urban
transport strategies; (iii) energy conservation and efficiency centers; (iv)
energy efficiency standards and (v)the role of consumer organizations and NGOs
in promoting energy efficiency.
In addition, the regional workshops discussed energy efficiency
standards for commercial buildings and related legislation and the promotion
of investment in domestic manufacturing of energy-efficiency appliances.
Additional extra-budgetary activities include (i) organizing workshops
in ten locations to promote commercial energy conservation consulting services
in ESCAP region; (ii) providing training programme for energy efficiency
center managers from transitional and developing ESCAP countries; and (iii)
Promoting effective utilization of petroleum energy in Central Asia through
sub-regional seminar.
In the area of coal utilization, following training courses were
organized or planned: (i) Coal Production, Utilization and Environmental
Protection (will have completed 5 training of 4-6 weeks by the end of 1997);
(ii) Executive Seminar on Coal Technology and the Environment (will have
completed 5 seminars of 1-2 weeks by the end of 1997); (iii) Coal Technology
and Environmental Management (will have completed 2 four-week training); (iv)
National Workshops on Coal Technology and the Environment (will have completed
at least 8 national 2/3-day workshops by the end of 1997). Similar activities
are expected to be continued beyond 1997.
In the power sector, a training course, five national workshops and a
regional workshop on demand side management (DSM) in integrated resource
planning (IRP) of the power sector were organized. These events emphasized on
the efficient utilization of electricity through DSM.
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UN Organization: ECE
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
Undertaking an extensive exchange of information, views and experiences
between member states on general energy problems, national objectives and
policies; promoting the transition of Easter European energy systems to a
market economy and their integration into the world energy markets;
elaborating a sustainable energy development strategy for the ECE region in
order to secure reliable, efficient and environmentally sound production ,
conversion and use of energy in ECE member countries; promoting the
implementation of such a strategy by means of enhanced cooperation within the
framework of ECE and with other international bodies in order to achieve an
optimal use of experiences and resources.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
Analyzing different ways and means of market adaptation of the energy
economies to promote the transition of central and eastern European energy
systems from central planning to market economy; facilitating exchange of
experiences through meetings, workshops and publications.
Identifying and considering problems related clean coal mining and
utilization; promoting and accelerating the implementation of commercial
projects; promoting partnerships and business opportunities in economies in
transition.
Identifying and examining the problems related to the process of
transition to market conditions of the coal industry of the economies in
transition, focusing on productivity, costs, demonopolization and
privatization of coal industry, environmental impact assessment and
development of vertical structures with electric power sector; organizing
workshops in economies in transition on coal industry structures and
management, utilization of low grade fuels, briquetting and smokeless fuels
production, coal mining legislation, reassessment of coal and mineral deposits
under market conditions; and geodynamic zoning.
Analyzing the issue of integrating the LPG industry in the energy markets
of economies in transition
B. Energy supply
Assisting countries in transition in dealing with electric supply issues
through national reports, informal meetings and workshops, focusing on (i)
possibilities of refurbishing fossil-fired power stations; (ii) principles and
modalities of a programme activity on central European interconnections; (iii)
future development of combined production of electric power and heat; and (iv)
restructuring of electric power industries.
Conducting a survey of incentives for renewable energy in the ECE region
and organizing workshops to promote international exchange of experiences and
cooperation for the use of renewable sources of energy in transition
countries.
Preparing reports and studies on increasing transparency of the
international coal trade, and on short-, medium-, and long-term coal demand
and supply trends and other associated developments.
Examining policy, prospects and strategic aspects of interconnections of
the electric power transmission systems between ECE countries.
Analyzing gas trade and gas markets with a view to enhancing interregional
trade and extension of gas networks in Europe
C. Energy use
Organizing workshops, technical meetings and training seminars on pricing
and tariff policies and designs of gas and electricity, gas contracting
principles and practices, and project analysis and management for gas
industry.
Introducing and updating an energy-labelling system and processes aimed at
the energy efficiency of buildings and appliances; creating a more transparent
market for energy-saving goods and avoiding technical barriers to trade.
Organizing studies, expert meetings and seminars on energy efficient
standards.
Implementing "Energy Efficiency 2000" projects through expert meetings,
training courses, publications, trade fairs and demonstrations in order to
reduce the energy efficiency gap between actual practice and best
technologies, between ECE countries, in particular between the formerly
centrally planned economies and the market economies, and enhance trade and
cooperation in energy efficient, environmentally sound technologies and
management practices.
Conducting studies and reviews to facilitate exchanges of information and
views on energy efficiency and conservation in electric power systems, gas and
end-use of gas, focusing on household installations and appliances.
Devising a sustainable energy development strategy in the ECE region in
order to secure reliable, efficient and environmentally sound end-use of
energy.
Assisting the economies in transition in using on a wider scale such
economic tools as tariffs, market-oriented prices, incentives and tradeable
permits in order to develop sustainable energy systems.
Collecting and publishing data on energy production, trade and use and
computerizing , retrieving and disseminating energy data.
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UN Organization: ECA
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
Formulating integrated energy policies into overall socio-economic
development strategies and providing advisory services on such an integrated
approach.
Promoting sustainable development and utilization of natural resources
and energy through formulation of strategies for inter-country cooperation in
the context of Agenda 21.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
Implementing strategies for the development of natural resources and
energy; promoting the development and utilization of indigenous energy
sources; and providing related technical assistance and advisory services to
member countries.
Funding and Operation: Ad-hoc expert group meeting ($22,600)
Also preparing studies on these subjects.
Cooperating with other entities of the UN system, regional and
international organizations on emerging energy and environmental issues.
Funding and Operation: Including ECE, UNEP, World Bank, OAU, and WEC.
Organizing expert group meetings on the policies and strategies for the
development of national and energy resources and preparing studies on the
guidelines for petroleum legislation
Undertaking study of the economic viability of manufacturing turbines and
generators for mini-hydro in African member-states.
Funding and Operation: Study ($23,000)
B. Energy supply
Exploring the possibilities for electricity interconnections in East
Africa and provide technical assistance for this purpose.
Preparing studies on the potential contribution of new and renewable
sources of energy and on the viability of photovoltaic energy for rural areas;
providing technical assistance as required.
C. Energy use
Analyzing energy use, environmental impact of emerging energy trends and
related policy issues; providing advisory services on maximizing efficiency of
production, conversion, distribution and end use of energy.
Providing technical assistance on generation of awareness on environmental
issues and appropriate policy issues.
Strengthening national and sub-regional institutions in capacity building
through technical assistance, workshops and study tours.
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UN Organization: ECLAC
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
Providing advice to member states on energy matters, and promoting
cooperation with the Latin American Energy Organization(OLADE) and the
existing sub-regional institutions for integration of Central America.
Funding and Operation: Advisory service to Central American governments
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
Preparing studies and providing technical assistance on restructuring of
the oil and electricity industry in member states.
Preparing studies on the potentials of new and renewable sources of energy
in the region , and promoting the development of specific energy sources, such
as geothermal in the region.
B. Energy supply
Providing advisory services on the design and application of energy plans
and policies in the petroleum and power sectors.
C. Energy use
Undertaking study of the interrelationship between energy, economic growth
and development and environment, and providing technical assistance to member
states.
Preparing studies and providing advisory services on improving management
techniques in the energy sector.
Preparing studies on the methodologies and analytical instruments for
energy studies and evaluation, and providing technical assistance to member
countries.
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UN Organization: UNEP
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
UNEP has a broad mandate to stimulate and promote environmental activities
as outlined in its Medium Term Programme and based on the relevant chapters of
Agenda 21. UNEP Governing Council also adopted decisions on cooperation and
linkages with other UN bodies on environmental matters.
A unique feature of the UNEP energy programme is the Collaborating Center
on Energy and Environment, which is managed as a UNEP project with the overall
objective of supporting UNEP's energy activities in terms of direct programme
support, underlying research and implementation of national and regional
activities with the general mandate.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
Two national studies in India and China on incorporation of environmental
concerns in national energy policy.
Funding and Operation: UNEP funding of $380,000 (India) and $500,000 (China).
Energy development activities undertaken by UNEP include:
(i)Energy Environment seminar for Latin America (jointly with OLADE).
Funding and Operation: UNEP contribution $20,000.
(ii)National workshop in India on "Efficiency strategies for the power
sector for a sustainable development", jointly with the Government of India
and the Energy Management Center.
Funding and Operation: UNEP input $5,000.
(iii)Power sector reform focusing on the environmental and social
implications of the reform process undertaken in a number of countries.
(iv)Integrated Resource Planning, jointly with the University of Campinas,
Brazil, to develop a manual for integrated resource planning training
programmes specifically focusing on developing countries.
In addition, UNEP is also implementing GEF energy-related climate change
projects and providing various kinds of technical assistance and capacity-
building to a large number of developing countries on projects related to
climate change.
Funding and Operation: GEF funding
B. Energy supply
Since 1992, UNEP has been working with IAEA on the "Nuclear Power Plant
Sites Emergency Preparedness and Response Database".
UNEP has also prepared surveys and studies on environmentally sound
technologies and is undertaking case studies to raise awareness about
successful applications of sustainable energy technologies in the electricity,
transportation and industry sectors.
C. Energy use
Linking with its Cleaner Production Programme, UNEP is undertaking pilot
projects that attempt to remove barriers to implementing energy efficiency in
industry. It is also preparing a guidance document for policy-makers and
industry decision-makers in developing countries considering setting up (or
participating in ) voluntary programmes to promote energy efficiency.
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UN Organization: IAEA
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
Promoting acceleration and enlargement ofthe contribution of atomic energy
to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. A significant addition
in the activities of the IAEA since 1992, in response to the environmental
concerns expressed by the UNCED in Rio, has been the initiation of the
programme on comparative Assessment of Energy Sources which, besides covering
technical and economic aspects, takes into account the environmental and human
health impacts of the full energy chains of different energy sources of
electricity generation. This programme is being pursued by the IAEA within the
framework of the inter-agency DECADES project (Data Bases and Methodologies
for Comparative Assessment of different Energy Sources for Electricity
Generation).
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
Carrying out assessment of uranium resources and developing
strategies for their exploitation and utilization through Ad hoc expert group
meetings, technical assistance, advisory services and publications;
Providing technical cooperation and support in exploration of geothermal
energy resources using isotopic tracer techniques;
Promoting information exchange on improved advanced nuclear power plant
designs; providing support to developing countries in implementing
nuclear power programmes; promoting nuclear power technology know-how and
transfer.
Providing technical cooperation and support on nuclear fuel cycle
and waste technology (covering raw materials for reactor fuels, spent fuel and
radioactive waste).
Building up and enhancing national capacity for energy, electricity and
nuclear power planning and decision making; strengthening national capacity
for comparative assessment of energy systems and for defining sustainable
energy policies; building up and strengthening regulatory organs, national
nuclear research organizations, and infrastructure for radioactive wastes
management.
Funding and Operation: The total annual expenditure on the energy-related
programmes and activities of the IAEA is about $70million. It is difficult to
split this expenditure into categories of Energy Development, Energy Supply,
and Energy Use as there is considerable overlap of activities under different
headings.
B. Energy supply
Undertaking comparative assessment of energy sources, including the
health and environmental impacts and risks of energy systems; provide related
technical cooperation and support.
Assessing investment requirements and levelised electricity generation
costs of nuclear power plants and alternative options;
Assessing greenhouse gas emissions from full energy chains of different
energy sources and analyzing greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategies for
the energy and electric power sectors; preparing studies on these aspects for
consideration of intergovernmental bodies (e.g. IPCC and FCCC);
Analyzing costs of pollution abatement systems for electric power
plants.
C. Energy use
Providing technical cooperation and support on nuclear safety (covering
safety of nuclear installations, radiation safety and safety of radioactive
waste management).
Providing technical assistance on the control of radionuclide dispersion
and environmental protection; mitigation of emissions from fossil fired power
plants (use of electron beam process for removal of sulphur and nitrogen
oxides).
Preparing studies and publications on energy, electricity and nuclear
power status and trends; Distributing data bases on technologies in different
energy chains for electricity generation; distributing computer tools for
comparative assessment of energy systems; Distributing technology and safety
information on all aspects of nuclear fuel cycle and radioactive waste
management.
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UN Organization: FAO
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
FAO's member countries have repeatedly requested through both global and
regional fora for assistance in implementing the Nairobi Programme of Action
on New and Renewable Sources of Energy and, more recently in the adoption of
the Agenda 21, which calls for an energy transition to enhance rural and
agricultural productivity.
FAO's energy activities aim at assisting developing countries to meet
their energy requirements in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, as a means
of achieving sustainable rural development. FAO maintains that a transition
from the present energy supply of mainly firewood and animal and human power
to a more diversified and sustainable base and a better use of commercial
energy is key to improving the living conditions of rural populations.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
FAO's energy activities emphasize the need to develop and promote
renewable sources of energy adapted to the socio-economic needs of rural
populations, and the efficient use of conventional energy sources.
FAO's technical assistance activities recognize that agriculture, forestry
and fisheries have a double role and potential as energy consumers and as
energy producers in the form of renewable energy. An integrated approach is
adopted for the assessment, planning and implementation of energy and
sustainable rural development, an approach that is at the core of the world of
Latin American and Caribbean Working Group on Rural Energization for
Sustainable Development.
Funding and Operation:
In addition to the UN secretariat, FAO collaborates with many different
regional and international institutions in energy and rural development
projects, including UNDP, ECLAC, ESCAP, WEC, IEA, UNESCO, UNEP, AfDB, SIDA,
SEI and OLADE
B. Energy supply
Preparation of an assessment of the future energy requirements of
agriculture in African countries; wood energy data and projections are a major
component of FAO's energy activities. Regional studies and wood-energy "hot-
spot" maps are products available from these efforts. Conducting wood energy
planning and training of energy, forestry and agricultural officers, such as
the Regional Wood-Energy Development Programme for Asia.
Funding and Operation: Carried out jointly with AfDB.
Provision of assistance to a number of Asian and Latin America
countries in the organization of National Consultative Meetings on Energy for
Rural Development.
Adoption of a multi-component strategy, which includes (i)conservation
through more efficient use of fuelwood; (ii)increasing productivity of
existing forest resources by creating high-yield fuelwood plantations; and
(iii)inter-fuel substitution.
Sponsoring different regional wood energy networks in Latin America and
Asia, such as the Regional Wood-energy Development Programme for Asia.
Involvement in renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, geothermal
and hydro. A significant number of projects have been implemented in fields
such as solar drying, cooling and communications, wind pumping and water
lifting and greenhouse heating with geothermal energy.
C. Energy use
Efficient energy use. Promotion of fuel-efficient cooking stoves has been
under way for many years. Agro-mechanization (low fuel consumption systems;
minimum damages to soils), efficient energy and water use in irrigation, and
energy efficient fishing vessels. Studies of residual heat from power plants
established in rural areas for use as process heat in agro-business is also
under study.
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UN Organization: UNESCO
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
Responsible for the development of education, science, social sciences,
communication and culture for the benefit of humanity. Promoting solar and
other renewable, environmentally-friendly energies, applying a multi-
disciplinary approach. Attaching paramount importance to the social dimension
of renewable energy as a measure of providing basic energy services to the
many who still have no access to them, particularly electricity.
In November 1994, the Executive Board approved the creation of a World
Solar Commission with the mandate to "advise the Organization, the
participants in the World Solar Summit Process and all other interested
parties on measures for reinforcing global and regional cooperation in the
promotion of renewable sources of energy in order to ensure that the resources
available for activities in this field are being allocated in such a way as to
maximize their effect, having regard to the present and future needs of Member
States."
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
Organized in Paris in 1993 a High-Level Expert Meeting on "The Sun in the
Service of Mankind", launching the process for the holding of a World Solar
Summit. The World Solar Summit Process (WSSP) extended over a period of three
years and included a series of expert and ministerial-level regional meetings
to take stock of the prevailing situation, identify priority areas for the
extended use of renewable energies and review basic documents prepared for the
World Solar Summit.
The Summit took place in September 1996 in Harare, and adopted the
"Harare Declaration on Solar Energy and Sustainable Development" and "World
Solar Programme 1996-2005: an Outline".
Funding and Operation:
In cooperation with European Commission, the International Energy Agency and
the International Solar Energy Society
B. Energy supply C. Energy use
Compilation of the World Solar Programme 1996-2005, which includes
projects of national, regional and global levels of high priority. Global
level projects include (i) Global Renewable Energy Education and Training
Program; (ii)Rural Electrification; (iii)Water Desalination and Purification;
(iv)International Renewable Energy Information and Communication System;
(v)Industrial Policy, Market Penetration and Technology Transfer
For the last eight years UNESCO has organized a summer school on
rural electrification for participants (engineers, technicians, government
officials and professors) commissioned by their respective governments,
institutions or centers, coming from developing countries and having in common
the use of the French language.
Since 1993 UNESCO has been developing a learning package on energy
conservation, energy and environment, energy planning and policy, and
renewable sources of energy. This Energy Engineering Learning Package is
directed to advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as
practising power and energy engineers in industry; to date eight volumes have
been published.
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UN Organization: UNIDO
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
Energy and environment constitutes one of the most important thematic
priorities in UNIDO's work programme. Implementation of international
agreements is a key work area within its priority which includes assistance to
developing countries and economies in transition in meeting the requirements
of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Montreal Protocol.
UNIDO is an implementing agency of the Multilateral Fund for Implementation of
the Montreal Protocol and executes GEF projects in cooperation with UNDP.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
Industry and energy is a central theme of UNIDO's work. UNIDO 's technical
assistance programmes address both the supply side, through provision of
energy for industry, and the demand side, by improving industrial energy end-
use efficiency.
Some 60-energy related projects are currently under way, supporting a
broad series of initiatives at the policy, institutional and enterprise levels
to increase efficiency in power generation and end use of energy, and to
provide a solid foundation for the widespread introduction of renewable energy
technologies.
Funding and Operation:
UNIDO's total programme funding for its technical assistance in energy at any
given time during the past ten years has been in the order of $20 million
divided equally between energy supply and industrial energy demand
B. Energy supply
UNIDO works with energy ministries and departments, utilities, and private
energy companies to raise awareness of new and innovative ways of financing
more efficient power generating capacity through build-own-operate(BOO) and
build-own-transfer(BOT) schemes. This particularly concerns hydropower
projects in Latin America and coal plants in Asia.
UNIDO provides technical assistance to power authorities and industrial
energy R&D centers, focusing on clean coal and more energy-efficient
technologies, improving access to gas supplies, and modern refinery
technologies. In addition, UNIDO promotes the development of renewable energy
technologies, including biomass, solar, wind, hydropower, hydrogen fuel
systems and sources of marine energy.
Given the importance of coal as a cost-effective energy resource in
many developing countries, UNIDO is promoting the use of clean coal
technology, such as increased application of coal beneficiation, gasification
and fluidized bed combustion to increase operating efficiency and reducing
emissions.
In Africa UNIDO is promoting the use of biomass for industrial energy and
supporting local manufacture of the necessary equipment for biomass conversion
and use. UNIDO also encourages the development of the manufacturing sector
devoted to renewable energy, such as the wind turbine industry in Egypt.
To stimulate investment in renewable energy technologies, UNIDO
disseminates information on the application of such energy sources as solar,
wind and sustainable biomass. A specialized Center for the Application of
Solar Energy (CASE) has been set up in Australia to provide an effective
service to commercialize solar energy. The Center provides rapid and cost
effective support and advice on technologies and markets giving entrepreneurs
the confidence to invest in solar and other renewables.
C. Energy use
Work focuses on technical assistance to improve industrial energy end use
efficiency. This includes: energy auditing, provision of customized technical
and cost information through experts' services, training, workshops and
seminars, information packages including guidelines and manuals, feasibility
studies and investment promotion. Primary focus is on energy intensive
industries such as iron and steel, non-ferrous, pulp and paper, cement, glass
and ceramics, petrochemicals, fertilizers, textiles and food processing.
Funding and Operation:
Industrial sectors covered include iron & steel, textile, paper & pulp, glass,
ceramics, cement, plastic and food processing
Methodological tools, including a spreadsheet-based, assessed inventory of
energy efficient industrial technologies and processes (which includes both
industry-specific as well as cross-cutting measures such as cogeneration), has
been prepared by UNIDO. These tools have been developed in response to the
need to provide sound technical and cost data to energy planners on the impact
of accelerating the penetration of energy efficient industrial technologies in
developing countries and countries with economies in transition on reducing
both the costs of energy inputs and emissions of atmospheric pollutants
including greenhouse gases. The tools can also be used by teams preparing
National Communications to the COP of the Climate Convention as well as in
the identification of activities which could be implemented jointly under the
Climate Convention.
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UN Organization: WHO
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
The WHO Global Strategy for Health and Environment establishes several
objectives that encompass activities relating to energy development and use,
including those aimed at improving technical capabilities for monitoring and
assessment of environmental risks to health and for the management of such
risks through their prevention, abatement and control.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
C. Energy use
Among WHO's programmes and activities related to energy development and
use are the following:
1. Assessment of air quality in urban areas which relate to the emissions
from motor vehicles, industries and energy sources and providing monitoring
data and information.
Funding and Operation: Co-sponsored with UNEP under GEMS/Air
B. Energy supply
2. In the areas of water resources development, including dams/reservoirs
for hydropower generation, WHO is actively involved in the promotion of
environmental management for vector control.
Funding and Operation:
A joint activity of WHO, FAO, UNEP and UNHCS under PEEM
3. Assessing the health risks associated with the use of biomass for
cooking and heating through a series of activities concerned with awareness
raising, health risk assessment, technology transfer, and capacity building.
4. Carrying out activities in the area of radiation protection, including
preparedness and response in radiological emergencies. A network of
collaborating centers - Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and
Assistance (REMPAN) has been established to provide this assistance.
5. Provide in-depth reviews and guidance to developing countries on the
use of solar technologies in the rural health sector, focusing on the
provision of vaccine refrigerators for the EPI Cold Chain.
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UN Organization: WMO
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
WMO continues to assume the role as the authoritative scientific voice in
matters relating to atmosphere, water and climate in the world arena as
outlined in the WMO Long Term Plans. This is based on relevant chapters in
the Agenda 21 and in the implementation of the decisions taken by the
Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Coordination and linkages with other international energy related
organizations and programmes are assured through the process under the Climate
Agenda
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy development
WMO is promoting sustainable energy production and use in several
programmes primarily funded through regular budgets, supplemented by extra-
budgetary resources such as the CAEA trust fund, UNDP projects and GEF. WMO
energy-related activities include:
(i) provision of guidance material and implementation of several training
seminars, focusing on use of climate information in development of new and
renewable sources of energy such as biomass, hydropower, solar and wind
energy.
(ii) support to development of energy-related activities within the
framework of the UNEP/WMO Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
(iii) contribution to the development of methods for comparative
assessment of environmental impacts of different energy sources within the
framework of the inter-agency DECADES project.
B. Energy supply
Different forms of energy production, including hydropower, bio energy,
solar and wind energy, draw on resources which are more or less directly
dependent on climate conditions. A major thrust in WMO programmes is the
provision of guidance material and capacity building in the needs and
requirements for services to the energy sector.
C. Energy use
Provision of guidance material and support to training in energy
conservation, especially in urban and building development within the
framework of a Tropical Urban Climate Experiment (TRUCE).
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UN Organization: UNU
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
UNU has a mandate to carry out research, advanced training, and
dissemination of knowledge on pressing global issues that are the concern of
the United Nations and its specialized agencies. Environment forms one of the
four Programmes Areas of the UNU, and issues pertaining to energy fall under
this area. In this field, UNU is concerned with the promotion and development
of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Particular attention
is paid to training and capacity building in developing countries.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
B. Energy supply
C. Energy use
In 1996, UNU participated in the organization of the High-level Expert
Meeting on Solar Energy in East and South-Asia, which formed a part of the
World Solar Summit Process, with the objective of promoting regional
cooperation in the development and utilization of solar energy, including
photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind, wave and other renewable sources of energy.
Funding and Operation:
Jointly with UNESCO, the Japan Solar Energy Society and Akita Organizing
Committee
UNU provides training in solar energy utilization which started in 1995.
Funding and Operation: By Anna University, India
In geothermal energy, UNU has a long-standing collaborating relationship
with the National Energy Authority of Iceland, and has conducted the six-month
UNU Geothermal Training Programme without interruption since 1979. By 1995, a
total of 163 scientists and engineers participated in the programs which
offers training in geothermal exploration, borehole geology, geophysical
exploration, borehole geophysics, reservoir engineering, chemistry of thermal
fluids, geothermal utilization and drilling technology.
Funding and Operation: 85% of funding from the Government of Iceland
UNU also provides training in renewable energy systems. By 1995, a total
of 9 courses were conducted with the total participation of 61 fellows from 19
countries.
Funding and Operation: Indian Institute of Technology, India, UNU budget
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UN Organization: INSTRAW
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
INSTRAW pays particular attention to research, training and capacity-
building at national and global levels to ensure the involvement of women in
environmentally sustainable energy programmes and projects.
INSTRAW has a special role in the area of non-technological factors
affecting the diffusion process of new and renewable sources of energy.
Women's issues are central to the economic, social, cultural and environmental
aspects of the diffusion process. INSTRAW provides an important service by
collecting information on non-technical aspects of the adoption of new and
renewable sources of energy, analyzing it and making it available to
international aid agencies as well as governments and NGOs. In this regard,
INSTRAW also undertakes research and training programmes.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy development
B. Energy supply
C. Energy use
In the area of women and energy use and development, INSTRAW conducts
catalytic research and training activities in close collaboration and co-
ordination with agencies within and outside the UN system. The Institute
collects, analyses and disseminates information and documentation concerning
women and energy; helps identify areas where research and training activities
can make a critical difference in the field of women and energy; and promotes,
through TCDC, the integration of issues relevant to women into energy
policies, programmes and projects, primarily through the conduct of
participatory training seminars on "Women and New and Renewable Sources of
Energy" at national, regional and international levels in cooperation with the
UN organizations and national counterparts.
Based on seven years of research (INSTRAW) on women and energy, and on
insights gained from the training experiences at ILO-Turin Center, INSTRAW has
developed an innovative training package on "Women and New and Renewable
Sources of Energy" to promote the integration of women's needs and their
participation into the various phases of programmes and projects related to
new and renewable sources of energy. The package is aimed at different target
groups, including planners, senior officials, engineers, energy programme
managers, representatives of NGOs and women's organizations and community
workers.
Funding and Operation:
In cooperation with national counterparts, INSTRAW has adopted participatory
and self-reliant techniques in applying the innovative training package.
Three national training seminars (Dominican Republic, Egypt and Tanzania), one
sub-regional workshop for the Mediterranean region (former
Yugoslavia-Slovenia) and Arabic-speaking African countries (Libya) and one
regional training seminar for Africa (Ethiopia, ECA headquarters) were
conducted between 1989 to 1991.
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UN Organization: UNDP
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
Energy is required in meeting any and all of the basic needs. Through more
efficient use of energy and increased utilization of renewable sources of
energy, energy can become a critical tool to achieve UNDP's primary programme
goals.
As part of its efforts to refocus development cooperation activities
towards sustainable human development, UNDP began to refocus its analysis of
the energy sector, and produced in 1996 "UNDP Initiative for Sustainable
Energy" (UNISE). UNISE gives emphasis to two fundamental elements for
sustainable energy: (i)the aggressive pursuit of more efficient patterns of
energy use, especially end use, to get more energy services and higher
benefits out of existing energy resources; (ii)support for a major shift
towards the use of new and renewable energy which, ultimately, is the only
sustainable source of energy.
UNISE focuses on promotion of activities in the following area
(i)mobilizing support for indigenous capacity building; (ii)creation of
supportive legal, institutional and regulatory climates for sustainable energy
development and energy efficiency; (iii)contributing to technology
leapfrogging through innovative demonstration projects; and (iv)supporting the
formulation and implementation of national energy action programmes.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy Development
UNDP seeks to reorient conventional, supply-driven approaches to energy
towards sustainable energy, making energy services an instrument to socio-
economic development as they impact poverty reduction, environmental
protection, generation of livelihoods and gender equity through intensive
focus on energy efficiency and renewable sources of energy.
Funding and Operation:
Ongoing projects include:
1)Electrification: Haiti
Energy Account $87,500
IPF $22,750
2) FINESSE: various countries
a) energy efficiency
Netherlands $370,000
Energy Account $75,000
b) renewable, Asia/Philippines
Netherlands $599,528/$450,000
c) renewable,SADC
Netherlands $868,390
OPEC fund $185,000
4)Rural electrification:
a) APEC: Japan: $790,000
b)Syria: Japan $ 553,700
c)Kenya: Netherlands $20 mn,
GEF $ 4mn, KPLC$500,000
5)Renewable: a)Vietnam:
Netherlands $4,500,000
b)Sudan: OPEC Fund $800,000
IPF 1,000,000
c)Honduras: OPEC Fund $75,000
d)Nepal: Netherlands $8,500,000
6)Energy efficiency: a)Yemen:
OPEC Fund $234,000
IPF $464,840
7)Cooperation: a)South-East Asia
Japan $273,060
Priority Programmes areas have been developed at the global, regional and
national levels, including the following:
1. Operationalization of UNISE to assist UNDP Country Offices in
implementing the sustainable energy concepts in Country Cooperation Frameworks
through core and non-core programmes to mainstream sustainable energy
concepts.
2. Building global partnerships for sustainable energy as part of
the Rio process working with key stakeholder governments, energy research
groups, the private sector, utilities and NGOS.
3. Assisting in the dissemination and commercialization of renewable
energy to provide rural energy services.
4. Demonstration for technology leapfrogging to bring information and
experience on cutting edge sustainable energy technology to developing
countries
Funding and Operation: Programme linkages with the SEED/GEF
5. Promoting energy saving in industrial, utility and commercial
applications as a cost effective source of "new" energy for developing
countries.
6. Supporting the analysis and development of legislative, institutional
and regulatory frameworks to provide a setting for private sector involvement
in financing and developing energy in a manner compatible with long term,
sustainable socio-economic growth.
Funding and Operation:
Latin American regional Hemispheric Cooperation support and linkages with APEC
energy process.
B. Energy supply
C. Energy use
Most UNDP sustainable energy projects take the demand-side approach, where
small-scale energy users are provided with energy services, and whereby use is
made of environmentally benign energy technologies. Key features of the
programme activities include the following:
1. Energy Account which serves as financing mechanism through which
sustainable energy projects are financed with technical assistance from UNDP.
Funding and Operation: Main contributors are the Netherlands, Japan and OPEC
2. The FINancing Energy Services for Small-scale Energy users (FINESSE)
which supports activities designed to create the conditions and mechanisms for
the credit sector to on-lend to small scale energy users.
Funding and Operation: Financed through the Energy Account
3. UNDP-GEF focuses on the reduction of greenhouse gases through
demonstration projects using energy efficient technologies and reducing market
barriers to non-carbon based energy technologies.
4. UNDP/World Bank joint activities, such as cooperation with the Asia
Alternative Energy Unit of the World Bank to provide assistance to developing
countries in Asia to enable them to deliver technically feasible and
economically viable renewable energy and energy conservation services to
residential, commercial and industrial users.
5. UNDP/DDSMS joint design and implementation of sustainable energy
projects, such as the jointly designed proposal for "Enhancement of Capacity
for Sustainable Energy Services for Rural Development: Asia Region" and the
jointly implemented project "Rural Solar Energy Development, Sudan".
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UN Organization: GEF
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
GEF energy related programmes and projects are prepared and executed
within the Operational Programmes set up in the GEF Strategy and in response
to guidance form the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change. the relevant Operational Programmes are (i)
removing barriers to energy conservation and energy efficiency; (ii) promoting
the adoption of renewable energy by removing barriers and reducing
implementation costs; and (iii) reducing the long-term costs of low greenhouse
gas-emitting energy technologies.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy development B. Energy supply C. Energy use
GEF projects are implemented through its three Implementing Agencies -
UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank. Energy related projects funded by GEF as of
July 1996 are listed below region by region.
1. Africa: Benin, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Senegal, Tanzania,
Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe.
Projects covering: energy efficient building technology, household energy,
wind power, biogas plant, sugar bio-energy technology, solar water heating,
photovoltaic pilot phase for rural electrification and for household and
community use, carbon sequestration, and sustainable and participatory energy
management.
Funding and Operation: Regional total: $39.80 millions
2. Asia & Pacific: China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Thailand.
Projects covering: development of coal-bed methane resources, small hydro
power, renewable small power, geothermal fuel efficiency in road transport,
electricity energy efficiency, capacity building in renewable.
Funding and Operation: Regional total: $237.10 million
3. Europe: Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania.
Projects covering: geothermal, coal to gas project, energy efficiency and
capacity building for GHG emissions reduction through energy efficiency.
Funding and Operation: Regional total: $44.17 million
4. Latin America and the Caribbean: Brazil, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Mexico,
Peru.
Projects covering: biomass integrated gasification, wind power, demand
side management, high efficiency lighting, and energy conservation.
Funding and Operation: Regional total: $25.70 million
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UN Organization: World Bank
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
The World Bank group promotes economic and social progress in developing
countries by helping raise productivity so that people live better and fuller
lives. In addition to its regular investment portfolio, the World Bank invests
in projects with primarily environmental objectives. The World Bank is also
an implementing agency of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the
Multilateral Fund for the Montreal Protocol (MFMP).
The World Bank provides loans and technical assistance to developing
countries in all aspects of the energy sector, including power supply and
power sector restructuring, gas system development, rural electrification,
hydropower development and regional electric interconnection. It also prepares
studies on related technical and policy issues, including energy efficiency
and energy conservation measures.
The world Bank supports economic development of alternative energy
sources such as mini-hydro, wind and solar energy, as well as geothermal and
biomass.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy development
The World Bank provides loans and technical assistance aimed at the
development of the energy sector of developing countries. A sample of such
projects is given below to give an overview of their content and objectives.
Energy Resource Development (Poland): improves the convertible currency
earnings of Poland by increasing domestic production of natural gas and
encouraging energy conservation for all forms of energy and fuel substitution
through energy price reform.
Funding and Operation: $250 million, IBRD
Heat Supply Restructuring and Conservation (Poland): supports
implementation of a comprehensive restructuring of the energy sector,
commercialization and privatization of restructured enterprises and of
petroleum exploration and production, introduction of a regulatory framework
and improvement in energy pricing policies; other project components including
district heating, energy conservation and energy-efficient equipment and
systems
Funding and Operation: $340 million, IBRD
Coal Environment and Social Mitigation (India): assists Coal India in
making coal production more environmentally and socially sustainable.
Funding and Operation: $65 million, IBRD
Caltex Ocean Gas and Energy Limited (China): build and operate a cavern
storage and terminal facility with 20,000 cubic meter capacity for liquefied
petroleum gas.
Funding and Operation: $31.3 million, IFC
Kazgermunai (Kazakstan): develops the reservoir of an oilfield in
Akshabulak to produce 23,000 barrels a day peak production.
Funding and Operation: $65.7 million, IFC
B. Energy supply
Alternate Energy (India): promotes and commercializes investment in wind
farms and solar photovoltaic power systems thorough the provision of below-
market loans to investors in these systems, primarily from the private sector.
Other components includes public education programmes on renewable
technologies.
Funding and Operation: $26 million, GEF
Renewable Resources Development (India): promotes commercialization of
renewable resources technologies by financing private sector investments in
alternate energy subprojects, including irrigation-based small hydros, wind
farms, and solar photovoltaic systems. It expands bagasse-based paper mills
and creates marketing and financing mechanisms for the sale and delivery of
alternate energy systems.
Funding and Operation: $75 million, IBRD
$115 million, IDA
Ertan II Hydroelectric (China): the construction of a dam on the Yalong
river, an underground powerhouse complex. Other components include consulting
services for engineering , procurement and power pricing.
Funding and Operation: $550 million, IBRD
Leyte-Luzon Geothermal (Philippines): assists in meeting the rapidly
growing demand for electrical power using technology that substantially
reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
Funding and Operation: $30 million, GEF
C. Energy use
Energy Sector Rehabilitation (Burundi): promotes rational energy policies
and efficient management of energy resources; improves energy efficiency
through reforms in the pricing structure of electricity, petroleum products
and woodfuels; develops efficient institutions in the sector and improves the
quality of public investment; expands access to electricity, and support
charcoal efficiency and improved stove programs.
Funding and Operation: $23 million, IDA
District Heating Rehabilitation (Estonia): promotes energy efficiency and
the economy by supporting the conversion and replacement of small boilers for
use of peat and wood, to be harvested and used in an environmentally
sustainable manner. Other components includes wastewater reduction, and
installation of new substations with heat meters.
Funding and Operation: $38 million, IBRD
Promotion of Electricity Energy Efficiency (Thailand): comprises a five
year demand side management plan, which seeks to build institutional
capability in the power sector and throughout the economy.
Funding and Operation: $9.5 million, GEF
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UN Organization: AfDB
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
The AfDB set up the African Energy Programme (AEP) in 1992 to carry out an
in-depth analysis of the African energy situation. The AEP is a three-phased
programme, with phase I aimed at developing regional energy specific
analytical tools, phase II reflecting on the future energy development
prospects and phase III focusing on sub-regional and regional project
preparations and on providing support to institutional capacity building.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
The Afdb has generated a wide range of outputs through implementation of
phases I and II activities. These include energy sector analytical tools,
regional analytical reports on biomass, oil and gas, electricity, coal,
renewable energy and nuclear. Also produced are a range of issue specific
reports on energy resource assessment, household energy, agriculture and
energy, energy and the environment. Each set of outputs contains specific
conclusions drawn upon observable past and postulated future trends, and
recommendations on policy measures targeted at increasing the quantity and
quality of AfDB's energy services.
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UN Organization: ADB
Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
I. Policies and mandates of the entity
The ADB's Medium-Term strategy stresses its role in catalyzing and
augmenting external capital flows into developing member countries (DMCs)
through increased cofinancing and through encouraging DMCs to adopt policies
creating an environment suitable for attracting external capital. Country
strategies in turn define the priorities for ADB's operations.
In the energy sector, the ADB's recommended policy initiatives focus on
enhancing private sector participation to fund the large scale energy
investments of the 1990s; energy efficiency, both on supply and demand sides;
and closer integration of environmental considerations in energy development.
II. Overview of programmes and activities
A. Energy development
ADB actively encourages the DMCs to adopt market-related prices for
hydrocarbons. ADB emphasizes that oil price stabilization funds be phased out.
ADB's approach maintains that natural gas pricing should approximate the
realistic market prices of alternative fuels. Pricing of coal should follow
the same principle, based on prices of internationally traded coals.
In the power sector, the ADB's approach has been to encourage DMCs to
recover the full cost of supply, including the cost of capital, while
simultaneously focusing on optimal efficiency of supply by stipulating both
tariff covenants and efficiency covenants.
Will also encourage washing and benefication of coal and blending of coal
to minimize problems relating to the emission of particulates and SOx. Will
promote the use of clean coal technologies, such as fluidized bed boilers,
integrated gasification and combined cycle plant and coal gasification. Will
continue to extend its support for technically and economically feasible and
environmentally sound hydropower projects that form part of a country's least
cost energy development plan.
B. Energy supply
ADB has consistently advocated improvements in power subsector load
forecasting and least-cost planning techniques to avoid excessive capacities
and reserve margins. ADB also accorded high priority to reducing auxiliary
consumption of generating units as well as transmission and distribution
losses.
Funding and Operation:
Projects aiming to improve energy efficiency and protect the environment
accounted for about 30 per cent of ADB's lending in the energy sector in 1992.
Will encourage utilities to rehabilitate and retrofit in a cost-effective
manner their older generating units and substations to optimize efficiency.
Efficient and economic O&M practices as well as load management efforts will
receive special encouragement. Promotion of technologies such as cogeneration
and private sector involvement would be specially encouraged.
ADB's assistance to rural energy planning would focus on (i) the role of
fuelwood in energy planning for rural areas; (ii)augmentation of fuelwood
supplies from commercial fuelwood plantations, and (iii)fuelwood use
efficiency. ADB will support sustainable fuelwood production by promoting
incentives such as land use policy reforms, security of property rights, and
improved benefit sharing arrangements. ADB would give priority to assisting
schemes that are economically and financially viable rural electrification
projects.
C. Energy use
ADB also promotes a widespread acceptance of demand-side management (DSM).
ADB encourages utilities to incorporate into their energy planning models the
key elements of integrated resource planning. ADB will also promote the
establishment of energy service companies to undertake energy efficiency
improvements in the premises of consumers. It will encourage simultaneous
shifts in government policy and related legislative changes
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Special Section on Coordination of Activities
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UN Organizations Energy-Related Programmes and Activities
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DPCSD Cooperation with other UN entities in the preparation of
reports to intergovernmental bodies.
DESIPA Continued cooperation and coordination with entities within
the UN system and other international organizations in
refining existing methodologies in the collection and
dissemination of energy statistics
DDSMS Cooperation with UNDP, World Bank and other regional and
international institutions in implementing projects funded
by them.
ESCAP Executing a project (Programme for Asian cooperation on
Energy and Environment) financed by UNDP; Plans to
implement the Asian component of Energy Efficiency 2000;
collaborating in DECADES project.
ECLAC Cooperation with OLADE and the existing sub-regional
institutions for energy integration of Central America;
Plan to implement the regional component of Energy
Efficiency 2000
ECE Cooperating with other regional commissions in particular
in the implementation of energy Efficiency 2000 project in
their respective regions; Cooperation with UNESCO in the
World Solar Summit Process.
ECA Cooperation with other entities of the UN system, regional
and international organizations on emerging energy and
environmental issues, such as Energy Efficiency 2000
project; Participating in the senior advisory group
meetings on the redesign of UNEP energy and transport
policies; cooperating with the World Bank in the
preparation and servicing of a workshop on
environmental sustainability and energy development;
Cooperation with OAU and the World Energy Council in the
preparation of the First Pan-African Energy Minister
Conference.
ESCWA Participation in the organization of meeting, conferences
and substantive contributions as well as regular contacts
for coordination of activities; Implementation of joint
energy projects.
UNEP Coordination is achieved in many activities through jointly
organizing, funding or executing events or projects. In
addition, some of UNEP's projects inherently provide a
framework for coordination.
For example, the Global Environmental Information Exchange
Network (INFOTERRA) is one of the most comprehensive
information exchange networks in the world, designed by
UNEP to stimulate and support the exchange of
scientific, technical and environmental information within
and between nations. It is comprised of 173 National Focal
Points, processes approximately 50,000 queries annually,
and links approximately 8,000 national and international
institutions and experts from various sectors.
IAEA Coordinating the joint inter-agency DECADES project on
Comparative Assessment of Energy Sources; Coordinating
preparation and convening of the International Symposium on
Electricity, Health and the Environment; cooperating with
development banks and other international institutions on
integrated approach to energy and electricity planning;
contributing to IPCC and FCCC work; cooperating with UNESCO
in the World Solar Summit Process.
UNDP Cooperation with the World Bank in the implementation of
ESAMP for studies in energy sector, including natural gas,
petroleum, and power sub-sectors, as well as household
energy requirements; Cooperation with World Business
Council for Sustainable Development in the design and
implementation of energy and water in selected countries;
Cooperation with other multilateral institutions, bilateral
donors and the private sector in the FINESSE programme.
UNU Cooperation with DDSMS on the feasibility for establishing
a network of centers of excellence on new and renewable
sources of energy.
WHO Cooperating with other UN bodies on Inter-Agency Risk
Assessment of Large Industrial Complexes and Energy
Production Systems(IAEA, UNIDO and UNEP)
UNESCO Cooperating with other entities within the UN system and on
a bilateral basis in the World Solar Summit Process.
WMO Cooperation with other UN and international organizations
through the Climate Agenda process and through
participation in various programmes and projects as
relevant considering the WMO general mandate
Funding and Operation:
Regular budget directly related to the energy sector may be
estimated at about $500,00 for the financial period
1996-1999.
UNIDO Cooperation in energy matters with IAEA, OPEC, IIASA and in
the follow-up of the Senior Expert Symposium on Electricity
and the Environment and in the implementation of the
project on Database and Methodologies for Comparative
Assessment of Different sources of Energy.
FAO Cooperation with ECLAC, World Energy council, IADB, AfDB,
OLADE and others in many projects on energy and rural
development. A Latin American Working Group for Sustainable
Development - GLAERS, has been established with a
secretariat in Montevideo, Uruguay; Regional Wood-Energy
Development Programme - RWEDP in Asia; Latin American
Wood-Energy Network.
Funding and Operation: Funds allocated; $120,000
World Bank Cooperation with UNDP in implementation of ESMAP;
Cooperation with other UN entities in the FINESSE
programme; Cooperation with regional development
banks and other multilateral institutions, bilateral
donors, and the private sector in energy and related
programmes.
INSTRAW INSTRAW carries out its research and training activities in
close cooperation and co-ordination with various agencies
within the UN system and with other international
organizations, NGOs, women's organizations and national
counterparts.
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Date last posted: 10 December 1999 17:25:35
Comments and suggestions: DESA/DSD
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